This paper examines the work of Immanuel Kant in the light of a new theory on the nature of truth, knowledge and falsehood (the Inversion Theory of Truth). Kant’s idea that knowledge could be absolutely certain, and that its truth must correspond with reality, is discredited by a dissection of the Correspondence Theory of Truth. This examination of the nature of truth, as well as knowledge and falsehood, is conducted with reference to Sir Karl Popper’s writings on regulative ideas, the criterion of demarcation and the principle of falsifiability. It is argued that if truth is to be regarded as certain, it should be used to describe objects and events in the objective (noumenal) state, and that subjective knowledge must contain (and is improved by) falsehood. Perceptions and knowledge are obtained by the biological and evolutionary process of Active Subjectivism. Ideas we have knowledge of can be metaphysical or scientific, according to Popper’s Criterion of Demarcation. Kant’s “Copernican revolution” claim that our intellect imposes absolutely true laws on nature could not allow for the possibility that ideas might be constructed from fallible perceptions, and hence that all knowledge is uncertain. Instead, he developed a Critique of Practical Reason in which religion, though not provable through logical reasoning, could be proved by our innate moral sense, giving us a Categorical Imperative that could lead to perverse results. By rejecting the absolute certainty of a priori knowledge, and admitting a degree of essential falsehood, we arrive at a more reasonable grounding for moral behavior.

One of the most important exploration problems in geophysics is to estimate the geophysical parameters from the observed or residual gravity anomaly related to a buried structure, such as depth, amplitude Coefficient and geometrical shape factor. The gravity anomaly expression produced by a simple geometrically shaped model (sphere or cylinder) can be represented by an appropriate analytical formula. Several interpretative methods have been developed to interpret gravity field data assuming a fixed simple geometricalmodel such as a sphere, a horizontal cylinder or a vertical cylinder. In most cases, these methods consider the geometrical shape factor of the buried body to be a priori assumed, and the depth variable may thereafter be obtained by graphical methods applied to the residual anomaly. However, only a few methods have been developed to determine the shape of the buried structure from the residual gravity anomaly. Consequently, the accuracy of the results obtained by these methods depends on the accuracy within which the residual anomaly can be separated from the observed gravity anomaly. In this study, a new and simple method has been developed to estimate the depth, amplitude Coefficient and geometrical shape factor of a buried structure from the observed (composite) or residual gravity anomaly related to a cylinder or sphere-like structure. The method is based on nonlinearly constrained mathematical modeling and also stochastic optimization approaches. This method consists of three main steps: The first step is oriented to formulate a nonlinearly constrained optimization model (NCOM) which mathematically describes the geophysical gravity problem related to the studied structure. The (NCOM) model is to optimize a mathematical objective function on an unbounded subset (defined by mathematical inequalities constrains in which the geophysical parameters are generally surmised to satisfy) contained in the free geophysical parameters. Ignoring these mathematical constrains probably leads to general error estimations of the parameters. In this research, the objective function was taken as the statistical likelihood function which depends on the deviations between the observed and synthetic points and also on the number of observations. The second step is directed to suggest an interior penalty function to transform the (NCOM) model into a nonlinearly unconstrained optimization one (NUOM). The goal of using the penalty function is to eliminate the constraints of the (NCOM) model and make them reactive in a new target function of the (NUOM) model. The target function of the (NUOM) model considers both the objective function of the (NCOM) model and the suggested interior penalty function. The third step is to solve the (NUOM) model by the adaptive simulated annealing algorithm, a stochastic approach, well-known for optimizing numerical functions of several real decision variables. The obtained solution of the (NUOM) model includes the geophysical gravity parameters of the studied structure such as: depth, amplitude Coefficient and shape factor. A statistical analysis has been carried out to demonstrate the accuracy and the precision of the suggested interpretative method. We applied this method to some theoretical synthetic examples in order to evaluate the precision of the suggested method. We also used the method to estimate the mentioned parameters for the gravity anomaly of the Abadeh site. The obtained results had an appropriate agreement with other methods.

This study was aimed at examining the types of Inversion and their severity using the thermodynamic indices of the atmosphere such as SI, LI, KI and TT at Bandar Abbas Station for 2010-2020. In this study, Radioosvand data at the Bandar Abbas Station was obtained and used from the University of Wioming for the last 11 years (3. 5 local) during the last 11 years (2010 to 2020). The results of the analysis showed that the average number of Inversion phenomenon in Bandar Abbas was 501 cases per year, as in some days several types of Inversion were observed at different altitude. Of these Inversion, about 31. 6 % are related to radiation temperature Inversion, 4. 3 % front, and another 64. 1 % for subsidence Inversion. Due to the air session underneath, the share of subsidence Inversions is more than other types of Inversion. In the meantime, the most severe Inversion of subsidence was 1354 and the weakest Inversions were with 29 cases and fronts. In general, the long-term average intensity Coefficient of Inversion of Bandar Abbas station with a Coefficient of 0. 062 indicates that the intensity of the city's Inversion is mostly extremely severe, which can be very destructive effects both environmentally and physical health in the city's residents. Bandar Abbas follow. The correlation between the Inversion elements also showed that by reducing the thickness of the Inversion layer, the intensity of temperature Inversion also increased.

Introduction: A couple was referred to us for chromosomal study due to having a child with growth delay.Materials and Methods: Lymphocyte cultures from the patients were set up in RPMI1640 supplemented with 20% FBS. High resolution chromosomal banding was performed in all subjects.Results: In all cells, an Inversion on the p arm of chromosome (1) of both husband and wife was detected. The karyotypes were assessed as 46, XX, inv. (1) (p31; p34.3) and 46, XY, inv. (p31; p34.3).Conclusions: Therefore the chromosomal study was recommended for their affected child. Interestingly the same Inversion was found for the affected child and indeed one of the sisters of this male patient had the same Inversion. The phenotypic abnormalities presented in this child could be caused by the possible deletion of the important genes located on this regions or it can be just a coincidence. Chromosome study for all the siblings of this couple was recommended. In addition prenatal diagnosis for the future pregnancies of the all the carriers of this Inversion was recommended.

Direct current electrical resistivity imaging is provided by measuring the vertical and horizontal electrical potential variations of subsurface structures using surface and borehole records. To recover the resistivity tomograms from the observed data, a non-linear inverse problem is required to be iteratively solved. A 2. 5-dimensional forward modeling based on the finite-difference method with rectangular meshes is also formulated. The two-dimensional reconstruction of earth resistivity data is implemented using a smoothness constrained Inversion algorithm (i. e. Occam’s method), wherein a Gauss-Newton technique for updating the sensitivity function is proposed. After verifying the accuracy and efficiency of the forward modeling and the sensitivity function calculation, the Inversion algorithm is tested on synthetic data from both geometrically simple and complicated bodies and a real data set. A stopping criterion based on the noise level, roughly estimated using the method of reciprocal resistance measurements, is also provided leading to preventing over-or under-interpreted structure during the Inversion process. The numerical experiments reveal that the proposed Inversion algorithm provides stable Inversion results and an acceptable representation of the main features and structure of the models without producing spurious effects. Furthermore, to deal with the reliability of the recovered models, a model sensitivity analysis is implemented using the resolution density distribution. All used formulations and concepts are part of a Matlab source code developed during this study.

Statistical analysis of temperature Inversion and its types in Birjand city using by Inversion intensity indexIntroductionThe ambient air temperature in the troposphere usually decreases with increased altitude (per 1000 meters increases the height of 5 to 6 degrees Celsius), but sometimes with increased air temperature, which is called temperature or Inversion Inversion. Temperature Inversion occurs when a layer of hot air is above cold air adjacent to the Earth. In this case, air stability is created and instead of increasing temperature height to a few hundred meters above Earth with increased height. We will increase temperature. The importance of temperature Inversion phenomenon is doubled when examining the effects of temperature Inversion phenomenon. The phenomenon of temperature Inversion is important because it causes fumation. This phenomenon occurs when the sun's radiation is unstable in the vicinity of the surface for a short time after sunrise, then combined with the scattered material in the nightly layer, causing the scattered material to return to the surface. . As a result, the concentration of pollutants increases sharply and the phenomenon of fiomia is created.MethodologyIn this study, the daily data of the radio atmosphere above the Birjand Synoptic Station (Table 1) for 00 Greenwich (3.5 local) over the last 11 years (2010 to 2020) to 11 km high from Earth from Vioming University He got. Indicators used include thermodynamic indices such as SI, LI, KI and TT and potential temperature. Also of other data used in this study, radiosvand transmitted information including Inversion height from ground to meter (ZBASE), Inversion height from ground to meter (ZTOP), base temperature in base and Inversion layer to degree Selicius (TBASE), the temperature difference between the base and the top of the Inversion layer to the grade of silicius (DTINV) is the height difference between the base and the apex of Inversion to meter (DZINV) and the pressure in the base (PBSE) and the Inversion layer (PTOP) from Relationships (1 and 2) are calculated First calculated using the relationship (1) the potential of the ceiling and the floor of the Inversion layer of the relationship (1)Θ: Potential temperature to Kelvin grade T: Temperature to KelvinP: Air pressure to hectopaskalAfter calculating the potential temperature of the ceiling and floor of the Inversion layer using the relationship (1), we have calculated the intensity of temperature Inversion using relationship (2) on a monthly, seasonal and annual time scale. Relationship (2):Δθ Difference of the temperature potential and the base of Inversion to the grade of KelvinΔz thick layer of Inversion to meter Z station height to hectometryResults and DiscussionThe results showed that the average annual temperature Inversion phenomenon at Birjand Station was about 90 cases per year, as it may not occur in different heights in some days, about 11.1 % of the radiation temperature Inversion, front. A 12.4 %, and the other 76.5 % is related to temperature Inversion of subsidence. Due to the air session underneath, the share of subsidence Inversions is more than other types of Inversion. The results showed that the highest average Inversion layer in Birjand was formed in 2010 and 2015 at 9 ° C. The highest annual temperature of the Inversion is related to the Inversion of subsidence, which is due to the subsidence of the air subcutaneous air subcutaneous in the upper layers of the atmosphere and the high temperature on the ground. In terms of annual altitude, the highest height of the Inversion layer occurred in 2019 with 4490 meters. In terms of thickness of the Inversion, the Inversion of the type of subsidence with 207 and the radiation with 145 meters form the thickest and the thinnest layer of Inversion. Results of the average Inversion layer pressure in Birjand showed that 2014 and 2015 were formed with about 870 miles and 2019 with 592 milligrams. Among the types of Inversion, the most severe Inversion of the front was 0.044 % and then subsidence with 0.030 %. In terms of the intensity of severe Inversion with 0.7 % and poor Inversions with 0.92 % were the lowest and the highest in Birjand. In fact, the Inversions of the city of Birjand are poor because of their physiographical and geographical properties.ConclusionThe correlation results also showed that there was a direct and significant relationship between the intensity of Inversion and the Inversion layer temperature at 99 %. That is, the higher the temperature of the Inversion layer, the greater the Inversion of Inversion and vice versa. But there is a significant relationship between the Inversion intensity and the height of the layer at 95 % probability level. This reverse relationship indicates that whenever the Inversion layer occurred at the lower altitude, the Inversion of Inversion has also increased; But the relationship between the thickness and intensity of the Inversion layer showed that with the increase in the thickness of the Inversion layer, the Inversion of Inversion in Birjand also increased as the layer temperature was higher as the Inversion was more severe. There is also a direct and significant relationship between the intensity and pressure of the Inversion layer at 95 % so that with increased pressure, the Inversion will increase. In general, the city of Birjand is under the tranquility of the tropical climate because of its specific location, which is also on the roads of 120 -day Sistan, so it will be weak if Inversion occurs.Keywords: temperature Inversion, barley thickness, Inversion intensity, barley pollution, Birjand

This paper discusses the flight control strategy based on Adaptive Dynamic Inversion (ADI) with two-time-scale separation for airplane. Because of nonlinear behavior of flight dynamics, the flight control problem is a rather important and complex issue. In addition to traditional methods, e.g., classic controller, Dynamic Inversion methods, fuzzy and neural networks have been used. After reviewing these methods, Combination Adaptive dynamic Inversion Method is designed. In this structure, the control system attempts to track the angle of attack, the sideslip angle and the roll angle in wind frame (m, a, b). Six degree-of-freedom nonlinear equations of motion are considered for tracking the input commands. Dynamic Inversion technique needs an exact and accurate flight dynamics, and to avoid this problem, we use an adaptive controller. Two-timescale based system dynamics are divided into slow outer variables and fast inner variables. Adaptive controller and Dynamic Inversion algorithm are used in inner and outer loops, respectively. The performance of the proposed method compares with Full Dynamic Inversion (DI) method. Simulation results demonstrated the efficacy of Adaptive Dynamic Inversion controller.